harry george philby
Philby resigned from MI6 in July 1951. The Macleans lived well, housed in a smart building overlooking the river, in a splendid six-room flat which they gradually filled with bric--brac and furniture shipped from home. [11][pageneeded], Philby provided Stalin with advance warning of Operation Barbarossa and of the Japanese intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as Hitler had urged. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. "[69] Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. A plaque in his honour was unveiled by the head of the foreign intelligence service at its headquarters in Moscow in December. [17], In London, Philby began a career as a journalist. In August 1956 he was sent to Beirut as a Middle East correspondent for The Observer and The Economist. From 1947, they infiltrated the southern mountains to build support for former King Zog. Litzi lived in Paris before returning to London for the duration of the war; she ultimately settled in East Germany. After Philby defected to the Soviet Union in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. "[20], In 1938, Walter Krivitsky (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former GRU officer in Paris who had defected to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". [52][53], Burgess had intended to aid Maclean in his escape, not accompany him in it. He was implicated in a similar campaign in Albania. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Kim Philby in Russia in 1968, five years after defecting. Expert news and commentary on intelligence, espionage, spies and spying, January 24, 2013 The gang of British spies who ended up in Moscow in the 1950s and 1960s were employed in KGB training schools and international research institutes. Opposites attracted. Harry George Philby (Q96086099) No description defined edit Statements instance of human 0 references sex or gender male 1 reference given name Harry 0 references date of birth 1950 1 reference father Kim Philby 1 reference mother Aileen Amanda Furse 1 reference sibling Dudley Thomas Philby 1 reference John David Philby 1 reference His father Harold ''Kim'' Philby was a product of the British ruling class but, like his own eccentric father, the explorer and Arabist St John Philby, contemptuous of it. In the capital, he became a magazine correspondent, then a teacher and analyst in a research institute for foreign and economic affairs. Donald refused to become part of the twilight brigade community of defectors, down-at-heel, disillusioned and wondering how they had got there. Halfway there, they switched cars and drove to a small airport in the Soviet zone of Austria. The intercepted messages revealed that the British Embassy source (identified as "Homer") travelled to New York City to meet his Soviet contact twice a week. [86][pageneeded]. His successor, Boris Bazarov, suffered the same fate two years later during the purges. Interrogated repeatedly regarding his intelligence work and his connection with Burgess, he continued to deny that he had acted as a Soviet agent. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or US State Department documents, Philby inserted "sinister" paragraphs regarding US plans. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when this was confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the Far East in time for the counteroffensive around Moscow. [33] Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (Abwehr code-name Bodden) never came to fruition. [92] Melinda left Maclean and briefly lived with Philby in Moscow. In January 1963, having finally been unmasked as a Soviet agent, Philby defected to Moscow, where he lived until his death in 1988. Then she drove off with the children. "I said something to the escort and he just stayed silent, sitting, leafing through his magazine. He was 65. He and Pukhova married in 1971, when he was 59 and she was 38. But in Russia he is still admired as a hero. Philby jnr admitted that when the news broke, he felt a sense of something approaching quiet approval. There, a tall man in a blue suit and red bow-tie held out his hand and said: I am Donald Maclean. With him in the room was Guy Burgess. [40], A month later Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk in Ottawa, took political asylum in Canada and gave the Royal Canadian Mounted Police names of agents operating within the British Empire that were known to him. Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, SE1 9GF. Philby was a 19-year-old art student when his father was exposed in 1963 as a traitor. Registered in England No. death death: 1988-05-11. manner of death: Natural Causes cause of death: Myocardial Infarction. As for Melinda the central figure in the circle of loyalty and secrecy, desertion and reconciliation, love and solitariness that was the human drama of Donald Macleans life she lived well into her 90s before dying in New York in 2010, silent to the end about her years with one of Britains most infamous traitors. When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. A few days after her return to Switzerland, she told her mother she had run into an old friend in the local market and hed invited her and the children to stay with him for the weekend in his villa at the other end of Lake Geneva. All was reasonably well between them until Kim Philby the master-spy who recruited him back in their Cambridge days himself defected in 1963. On the 50th anniversary of Philbys defection to Moscow, British newspaper The Daily Telegraph carried an article with excerpts of interviews with one of Philbys sons, Dudley Thomas Philby, and his Russian widow, Rufina Pukhova Philby. [84] Despite reports to the contrary, Philby's wife claimed in a 1997 interview that the idea of Philby becoming depressed and destitute in Moscow was "a myth". [43][pageneeded] Clearly there had been leaks and Philby was later suspected as one of the leakers. [20] However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing Philby in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt."[20]. Some could never quite come to terms that he was a traitor. Following Aileen Philby's death in 1957 and Eleanor's subsequent divorce from Brewer, Philby and Eleanor were married in London in 1959 and set up house together in Beirut. [71] However, others maintain that he escaped through Syria, overland to Soviet Armenia and thence to Russia. Lawrence of the British army and the British explorer and agent Harry Saint John Philby, as well as members of the house of Hashim Faisal bin Hussein and Abdullah bin Hussein, the key tribal leaders who led the revolt, and other . Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Colonel David Smiley, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped Enver Hoxha and his Communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. On 25 October 1955, following revelations in The New York Times, Labour MP Marcus Lipton used parliamentary privilege to ask Prime Minister Anthony Eden if he was determined "to cover up at all costs the dubious third man activities of Mr Harold Philby"[57] This was reported in the British press, leading Philby to threaten legal action against Lipton if he repeated his accusations outside Parliament. Melinda returned to Donald, but two years later moved to her own apartment. regarding his possible Soviet affiliations continued. Donald Maclean, although arrogant and someone who liked a drink too, was regarded as more convivial. On their first night in Moscow, an elated Burgess and Maclean had dined in style on a great hotel balcony on the first floor overlooking the Kremlin and got drunk on vodka. They subsequently moved to Britain; however, as Philby assumed the role of a fascist sympathiser, they separated. But he also did it to impress her. [64], In 1961, Anatoliy Golitsyn, a major in the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, defected to the United States from his diplomatic post in Helsinki. While working as a senior member of British intelligence, he spied on behalf of the Soviet NKVD and KGB from the early 1930s until his defection. He said, 'Why do old people live so badly here? [65] Nicholas Elliott, an MI6 officer recently stationed in Beirut who was a friend of Philby's and had previously believed in his innocence, was tasked with attempting to secure Philby's full confession. Philby's work led to the deaths of dozens of British agents, making him a reviled traitor once he was exposed in Britain. Mary was born circa 1824, in London, England. He did a lot with us., Philby was sent to Beirut in 1956 to work for The Observer, leaving his children in London, after being. Harold Adrian Russell Philby, ; 1 1912, , 11 1988, ) . The minister told the House of Commons, "I have no reason to conclude that Mr. Philby has at any time betrayed the interests of his country, or to identify him with the so-called 'Third Man', if indeed there was one. From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. He told The Telegraph that he personally did not agree with his fathers political views, but added: he was what he was, what could I do?. Barclay reported the complaint to London. (He is pictured, left, in Moscow with his father Kim, centre, and the escaped spy George Blake.). He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied oriental languages . His drinking made him paranoid that his wife would abandon him. That he could carry on a secret life without her being aware, while at the same time working his way up the ranks of the British Foreign Office, seemed perfectly possible. "[8], Upon Philby's graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in Paris which attempted to aid the people victimized by Nazi Germany and provide education on oppositions to fascism. LONDON Kim Philby, called the "spy of the century" because of his work for the Soviet Union while a senior officer in British intelligence, died Wednesday in Moscow, the Foreign Office said. He became a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. "There was one funny incident," she remembered. Maclean seemed totally at one with Soviet ways and believed to his death that the USSR and its new society has a much better prospect than the old of overcoming the major ills and injustices of our civilisation. [75], Upon his arrival in Moscow in January 1963, Philby discovered that he was not a colonel in the KGB, as he had been led to believe. Philby, though, began seeing Melinda on the side, confessing as much to his wife and saying that he was just trying to make [Melindas] life happier as she had been miserable for the last 15 years. There, a porter recalled taking their luggage to a waiting car with Salzburg number plates which drove off towards Vienna. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, just following the end of World War II. Eventually, Melinda went back to her home country, the U.S., bringing to an end nearly 40 years of endurance, loyalty and betrayal. They knew the risks they were running. I was serving the interests of the Soviet Union and those interests required that these men were defeated. As a boy, Michael Englebach was taken by his grandfather to watch cricket at . Most intelligence historians believe that Philby was almost single-handedly responsible for the deaths of dozens even hundreds of Western intelligence officers and agents who perished during the Cold War while on missions in the USSR and Eastern Europe. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. In 1956, Philby began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. 4 Comments. Philby or his Russian bosses dreamed up this claim so he would not be seen as a traitor to democratic Britain. They had access to the special shops reserved for the Soviet elite, and were able to import canned goods and drinks from Denmark. She was an object of both pity and fascination, and to get away from it all, she moved from their house on the Kent-Surrey border to Switzerland, with her mother. Harry George Philby Birth. THE daughter of Kim Philby, the MI6 agent who spied for the Soviet Union, has broken her silence to describe the admiration she feels for her father, 50 years since he defected to Moscow in one. But the rezident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Tangier. Were working to restore it. But unlike his notorious father, who was hailed a hero in the Soviet Union and buried with full honours, Philby jnr led a low-profile life, and ran his own successful joinery business from a workshop near King's Cross in north London. In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in Bulgaria and Romania, soon to be liberated by the Soviet Union. To order a copy for 15, visit mailshop.co.uk/ books or call 0844 571 0640. The two-drink tradition remained but in time there was no longer a need to hide the bottle, she added. This mistake made it possible to break the normally impregnable code. (LogOut/ Biografi [ redigera | redigera wikitext] Philby var son till arabisten St. John Philby. Even after Philby's departure from MI6, speculation[who?] Born in 1946, Dudley Tommy Philby is the third of Kims five children with his second of four wives, Aileen Furse Philby. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British embassy in Paris. He got himself a job teaching English in a school. "[51] On 25 May, Burgess drove Maclean from his home at Tatsfield, Surrey to Southampton, where both boarded the steamship Falaise to France and then proceeded to Moscow. And Larry Wu Tai Chin almost singlehandedly prolonged the duration of the Korean War by two years. Philby worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Imperial Japanese Embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Donald Maclean, who worked in the British Embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. Upon her return to Istanbul in late 1948, she was badly burned in an incident with a charcoal stove and returned to Switzerland. Please. Aileen Philby had suffered since childhood from psychological problems which caused her to inflict injuries upon herself. Kim Philby, , . As he states in his autobiography, he . His ashes were brought back to England, as he had requested, and buried in his parents grave after dark and by torchlight so that the press would not get wind of it. When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and Philby failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. It seemed a fitting finale for such a notable spy. She was later sent to a Swiss clinic for treatment. Philby was thus able to evade blame and detection. Little Donald said perhaps he had gone to India because that would be a good place to hide.. Rufina Pukhova, his Russian-Polish wife, said Philby struggled to control his drinking by downing only two glasses of cognac a night and then handing her the bottle to hide. In a written statement, they admitted they had been Communists since their Cambridge days and disingenuously described themselves as political refugees, not spies. Kim leapt up and shouted, 'Whoever is rude to my wife is rude to me!' "[15], Philby recommended to Deutsch several of his Cambridge contemporaries, including Donald Maclean, who at the time was working in the Foreign Office,[16] as well as Guy Burgess, despite his personal reservations about Burgess's erratic personality. Harry St. John Philby, () 3.73 avg rating 11 ratings. He needed a secret sharer in his life as well as someone to admire him. Maclean bequeathed Blake his library of books, including Trollope, Macaulay's History of England, Morley's Life of Gladstone, and the Macmillan and Eden memoirs. [3] St John was a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia, and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia. 1915-1921. Her mood changed, though, with Stalins death in March 1953 and the prospect that the Soviet Union might now become a more open place. The comments below have not been moderated, By (. He was known to have been friends with the brazenly gay and immoderate Burgess, who had lived for a time in Philby's house on Nebraska Avenue in Washington. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park. Another effort was made using a Turkish gulet for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. Under a cloud of suspicion raised by his highly visible and intimate association with Burgess, Philby returned to London. We searched every corner until Kim suddenly struck himself on the head with his hand, went to a cupboard and brought back the boot. [78][pageneeded] Philby was under virtual house arrest, guarded, with all visitors screened by the KGB. Philby's less attractive personal qualities were matched by a charm to which many of his MI6 colleagues succumbed. Harry Philby. [7][pageneeded], At Cambridge, Philby showed his "leaning towards communism," in the words of his father St John, who went on to write: "The only serious question is whether Kim definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service. With his brilliant mind and First from Cambridge, Maclean could bask in being the superior intellect to an under-educated, attractive woman who was both affectionate and popular, where he was withdrawn, giving nothing of himself away. Philby's work led to the deaths of dozens of British agents, making him a reviled traitor once he was exposed in Britain. In 1946, Philby arranged a divorce from Litzi. Now Josephine, the eldest of his five children, has described how his family coped with the aftermath of a betrayal that shocked the nation. He and Aileen were married on 25 September 1946, while Aileen was pregnant with their fourth child, Miranda. Colonel Redl from the Austro-Hungarian Empire prior to WW1 probably was a more devastating spy. David Pryce-Jones: October 2004: The New Criterion published by the Foundation for Cultural Review, New York, a nonprofit public foundation as described in Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, London Gazette Issue 43735 published on 10 August 1965. p. 1, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 18:55, plot to subvert the communist regime of Albania, Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 19411945", "Philby, Harold Adrian Russell [Kim] (19121988), spy", Cricinfo Player Profile of Ernest Sheepshanks, "Kim Philby, British double agent, reveals all in secret video", "Kim Philby, the Observer connection and the establishment world of spies", " 70 [1987, DjVu, RUS] [The national economy of the USSR for 70 years. He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of pseudonyms) and occasionally served as "acting editor. His wife Eleanor joined him in Moscow, and the Philbys and the Macleans spent a lot of time together, going to the ballet or just having dinner and playing bridge. He. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable to work had come back". It was published by Casterman in 2015, One of the earliest appearances of Philby as a character in fiction was in the 1974, In the 1987 adaptation of the novel, also named, Philby appears as one of the central antagonists in, Under the cover name of 'Mowgli' Philby appears in, Philby was the inspiration for the character of British intelligence officer Archibald "Arch" Cummings in the 2006 film, The song "Angleton", by Russian indie rock band, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 18:55. "[60], After being exonerated, Philby was no longer employed by MI6 and Soviet intelligence lost all contact with him. [79]Mikhail Lyubimov, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. [11][pageneeded], By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive counter-intelligence. There was nothing more [he] could do. Beginning his career as a member of the Indian Civil Service, he later moved to the Middle East, where he became well-known as an Arabist, adviser, explorer and writer. He was able to order new books from Bowes & Bowes bookshop in Cambridge, who checked with MI5 whether they should be supplying him. [11][pageneeded] After being evacuated from Boulogne on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing The Daily Telegraph in addition to The Times. [44] She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. [9][pageneeded]. Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. Following his debriefing in the US, Golitsyn was sent to SIS for further questioning. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. In fact, Philby and Maclean's fellow spy, Burgess, were intimate friends; tipped off by Philby, who organised their defection, they fled to Moscow. he was an agent of two services, namely MI5 and the Abwehr. That summer, friends thought her distracted. But MI6 found it hard to believe that Philby could be a Soviet agent. [11][pageneeded] Following the Austrofascist victory in the Austrian Civil War, Philby and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later. Melinda, now officially Natasha Frazer, hated Kuybyshev, which she found very primitive, and for a while Donald was depressed and disillusioned by the reality of Soviet Russia. A person of high intelligence struggles to make sense of the world as it relates to morality, relationships, sex, and leaving her apartment. Burgess was arrested in September for drunken driving and was subsequently fired,[29] while Philby was appointed as an instructor on clandestine propaganda at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu[30][pageneeded] in Beaulieu, Hampshire. by Ian Allen By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow. I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. (LogOut/ BROWN:: St. John Philby was born in Ceylon, then a part of the British Empire, very typically English ruling-class family, military background, senior military appointments and one of the colonists who went out to build the coffee industry in Ceylon at the turn of the century.They were an upper-middle-class family of repute Danish origin going back to the 16th century, and much admired in . When he died, in 1988, he was buried with honors by the Soviet authorities. Garbo/Pujol of WW II fame was a double agent, i.e. Required to take new names and identities, Maclean chose to be Mark Petrovich Frazer (after the Cambridge anthropologist Sir James Frazer of Golden Bough fame, a 12-volume study of mythology and religion). But though his love affair with the cause never wavered, his love affair with Melinda did. [5], Elena Modrzhinskaya at GUGB headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the Cambridge Five. Philby died in the city in 1988, 25 years after defecting to the Soviet Union, where he was employed as an occasional consultant to the KGB helping to prepare spies for missions to the west. Philby, who married three times, is survived by a daughter, the journalist Charlotte Philby. [ | ] 1912 ' ( '), . Wife of George Glen Carnegie Milne. "[59] Following this, Philby gave a press conference in whichcalmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhoodhe reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist. He became more optimistic once the family was deemed fully rehabilitated and they moved to Moscow in 1955. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, Philby was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff. In September 1949, the Philbys arrived in the United States. He was very good when he was around. Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. When her brother-in-law, Alan Maclean, asked her whether she would join Donald if she knew for sure that he was behind the Iron Curtain, she gave a firm No. To the extent that I helped defeat them, even if it caused their deaths, I have no regrets. In 1948, troubled by the heavy drinking and frequent depressions that had become a feature of her husband's life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown of this nature, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and insulin to cause skin disfigurations. Pierre-Charles Path est un journaliste franais n le 9 juillet 1910 Boulogne-sur-Mer et mort le 14 novembre 1997 1 Villejuif. Kim Philby drank while Guy Burgess, who was gay, missed his friends in London, including Anthony Blunt whose spying activities, though known to the government, were kept under wraps until they were exposed much later, in 1979. In 1940 he was interviewed by MI5 officers in London, led by Jane Archer. But it was resumed a few months later, when he received a letter from his father in Moscow. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. She would be his silent witness for all the difficult years ahead. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. Philby found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles: "Before then," he later wrote, "there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the International Brigades. Known as Kim to his friends, Philby secretly defected to the USSR from his home in Beirut, Lebanon, in 1963. Then, with no more information to be had, the story of the Macleans went dead. For years he had sabotaged Allied missions behind the Iron Curtain and had calculatedly sent dozens of agents to their deaths. He claimed he made the admission to her to excuse his lateness for their meetings when he was busy handling documents and rendezvousing with his Soviet handler. His cover story was that he was a political migr, a trade union leader persecuted in England for his political views. Just stayed silent, sitting, leafing through his magazine and Tangier boy, Michael Englebach was by. Personal qualities were matched by a daughter, the Philbys arrived in Soviet. His father in Moscow with his second of four wives, Aileen Philby! Missions behind the Iron Curtain and had calculatedly sent dozens of British agents, him. His honour was unveiled by the KGB their separation and divorced only in,! Been the prime suspect in the Soviet elite, and the escaped spy George Blake ). 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Caused her to inflict injuries upon herself known as Kim to his friends, returned. Head of the Soviet authorities he is pictured, left, in 1988, he an. Mi6, speculation [ who? and she was 38 intelligence service at its headquarters in Moscow with his of. Le 14 novembre 1997 1 Villejuif Hendaye, France, for the of... Longer a need to hide the bottle, she was 38 build support for former Zog..., Aileen Furse Philby 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 2 of stars! Mary was born circa 1824, in London, led by Jane Archer x27 ; ( #... They had already been down to the escort and he just stayed silent, sitting, leafing his... Of death: Natural Causes cause of death: 1988-05-11. manner of death: Myocardial Infarction avg 11.
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